7 In the first H7223 month, H2320 that is, the month H2320 Nisan, H5212 in the twelfth H8147 H6240 year H8141 of king H4428 Ahasuerus, H325 they cast H5307 Pur, H6332 that is, the lot, H1486 before H6440 Haman H2001 from day H3117 to day, H3117 and from month H2320 to month, H2320 to the twelfth H8147 H6240 month, that is, the month H2320 Adar. H143
Because Haman H2001 the son H1121 of Hammedatha, H4099 the Agagite, H91 the enemy H6887 of all the Jews, H3064 had devised H2803 against the Jews H3064 to destroy H6 them, and had cast H5307 Pur, H6332 that is, the lot, H1486 to consume H2000 them, and to destroy H6 them; But when Esther came H935 before H6440 the king, H4428 he commanded H559 by letters H5612 that his wicked H7451 device, H4284 which he devised H2803 against the Jews, H3064 should return H7725 upon his own head, H7218 and that he and his sons H1121 should be hanged H8518 on the gallows. H6086 Wherefore they called H7121 these days H3117 Purim H6332 after the name H8034 of Pur. H6332 Therefore for all the words H1697 of this letter, H107 and of that which they had seen H7200 concerning this matter, H3602 and which had come H5060 unto them,
On the thirteenth H7969 H6240 day H3117 of the month H2320 Adar; H143 and on the fourteenth H702 H6240 day of the same rested H5118 they, and made H6213 it a day H3117 of feasting H4960 and gladness. H8057 But the Jews H3064 that were at Shushan H7800 assembled together H6950 on the thirteenth H7969 H6240 day thereof, and on the fourteenth H702 H6240 thereof; and on the fifteenth H2568 H6240 day of the same they rested, H5118 and made H6213 it a day H3117 of feasting H4960 and gladness. H8057 Therefore the Jews H3064 of the villages, H6521 that dwelt H3427 in the unwalled H6519 towns, H5892 made H6213 the fourteenth H702 H6240 day H3117 of the month H2320 Adar H143 a day of gladness H8057 and feasting, H4960 and a good H2896 day, H3117 and of sending H4916 portions H4490 one H376 to another. H7453
For the king H4428 of Babylon H894 stood H5975 at the parting H517 of the way, H1870 at the head H7218 of the two H8147 ways, H1870 to use H7080 divination: H7081 he made his arrows H2671 bright, H7043 he consulted H7592 with images, H8655 he looked H7200 in the liver. H3516 At his right hand H3225 was the divination H7081 for Jerusalem, H3389 to appoint H7760 captains, H3733 to open H6605 the mouth H6310 in the slaughter, H7524 to lift up H7311 the voice H6963 with shouting, H8643 to appoint H7760 battering rams H3733 against the gates, H8179 to cast H8210 a mount, H5550 and to build H1129 a fort. H1785
Worthy.Bible » Commentaries » Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible » Commentary on Esther 3
Commentary on Esther 3 Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible
CHAPTER 3
Es 3:1-15. Haman, Advanced by the King, and Despised by Mordecai, Seeks Revenge on All the Jews.
1. After these things did king Ahasuerus promote Haman … set his seat above all the princes—that is, raised him to the rank of vizier, or prime confidential minister, whose pre-eminence in office and power appeared in the elevated state chair appropriated to that supreme functionary. Such a distinction in seats was counted of vast importance in the formal court of Persia.
2. all the king's servants, that were in the king's gate, bowed, and reverenced Haman—Large mansions in the East are entered by a spacious vestibule, or gateway, along the sides of which visitors sit, and are received by the master of the house; for none, except the nearest relatives or special friends, are admitted farther. There the officers of the ancient king of Persia waited till they were called, and did obeisance to the all-powerful minister of the day.
But Mordecai bowed not, nor did him reverence—The obsequious homage of prostration not entirely foreign to the manners of the East, had not been claimed by former viziers; but this minion required that all subordinate officers of the court should bow before him with their faces to the earth. But to Mordecai, it seemed that such an attitude of profound reverence was due only to God. Haman being an Amalekite, one of a doomed and accursed race, was, doubtless, another element in the refusal; and on learning that the recusant was a Jew, whose nonconformity was grounded on religious scruples, the magnitude of the affront appeared so much the greater, as the example of Mordecai would be imitated by all his compatriots. Had the homage been a simple token of civil respect, Mordecai would not have refused it; but the Persian kings demanded a sort of adoration, which, it is well known, even the Greeks reckoned it degradation to express. As Xerxes, in the height of his favoritism, had commanded the same honors to be given to the minister as to himself, this was the ground of Mordecai's refusal.
7. In the first month … they cast Pur, that is, the lot—In resorting to this method of ascertaining the most auspicious day for putting his atrocious scheme into execution, Haman acted as the kings and nobles of Persia have always done, never engaging in any enterprise without consulting the astrologers, and being satisfied as to the lucky hour. Vowing revenge but scorning to lay hands on a single victim, he meditated the extirpation of the whole Jewish race, who, he knew, were sworn enemies of his countrymen; and by artfully representing them as a people who were aliens in manners and habits, and enemies to the rest of his subjects, he procured the king's sanction of the intended massacre. One motive which he used in urging his point was addressed to the king's cupidity. Fearing lest his master might object that the extermination of a numerous body of his subjects would seriously depress the public revenue, Haman promised to make up the loss.
9. I will pay ten thousand talents of silver … into the king's treasuries—This sum, reckoning by the Babylonish talent, will be about £2,119,000; but estimated according to the Jewish talent, it will considerably exceed £3,000,000, an immense contribution to be made out of a private fortune. But classic history makes mention of several persons whose resources seem almost incredible.
10. the king took his ring from his hand, and gave it unto Haman—There was a seal or signet in the ring. The bestowment of the ring, with the king's name and that of his kingdom engraven on it, was given with much ceremony, and it was equivalent to putting the sign manual to a royal edict.
12-15. Then were the king's scribes called … and there was written—The government secretaries were employed in making out the proclamation authorizing a universal massacre of the Jews on one day. It was translated into the dialects of all the people throughout the vast empire, and swift messengers were sent to carry it into all the provinces. On the day appointed, all Jews were to be put to death and their property confiscated; doubtless, the means by which Haman hoped to pay his stipulated tribute into the royal treasury. To us it appears unaccountable how any sane monarch could have given his consent to the extirpation of a numerous class of his subjects. But such acts of frenzied barbarity have, alas! been not rarely authorized by careless and voluptuous despots, who have allowed their ears to be engrossed and their policy directed by haughty and selfish minions, who had their own passions to gratify, their own ends to serve.
15. the king and Haman sat down to drink; but the city Shushan was perplexed—The completeness of the word-painting in this verse is exquisite. The historian, by a simple stroke, has drawn a graphic picture of an Oriental despot, wallowing with his favorite in sensual enjoyments, while his tyrannical cruelties were rending the hearts and homes of thousands of his subjects.